should

Create an assertion. Assertions are automatically retried until they pass or time out.

info

An alias of .and()

info

Note: .should() assumes you are already familiar with core concepts such as assertions

Syntax

.should(chainers)
.should(chainers, value)
.should(chainers, method, value)
.should(callbackFn)

Usage

Correct Usage

cy.get('.error').should('be.empty') // Assert that '.error' is empty
cy.contains('Login').should('be.visible') // Assert that el is visible
cy.wrap({ foo: 'bar' }).its('foo').should('eq', 'bar') // Assert the 'foo' property equals 'bar'

Incorrect Usage

cy.should('eq', '42') // Should not be chained off 'cy'

Arguments

chainers (String)

Any valid chainer that comes from Chai or Chai-jQuery or Sinon-Chai.

value (String)

Value to assert against chainer.

method (String)

A method to be called on the chainer.

callbackFn (Function)

Pass a function that can have any number of explicit assertions within it. Whatever was passed to the function is what is yielded.

Yields

In most cases, .should() yields the same subject it was given from the previous command.

cy.get('nav') // yields <nav>
  .should('be.visible') // yields <nav>

However, some chainers change the subject. In the example below, the second .should() yields the string sans-serif because the chainer have.css, 'font-family' changes the subject.

cy.get('nav') // yields <nav>
  .should('be.visible') // yields <nav>
  .should('have.css', 'font-family') // yields 'sans-serif'
  .and('match', /serif/) // yields 'sans-serif'

.should() is an assertion, and it is safe to chain further commands that use the subject.

Examples

Chainers

Assert the checkbox is disabled

cy.get(':checkbox').should('be.disabled')

The current DOM element is yielded

cy.get('option:first')
  .should('be.selected')
  .then(($option) => {
    // $option is yielded
  })

Value

Assert the class is 'form-horizontal'

cy.get('form').should('have.class', 'form-horizontal')

Assert the value is not 'Jane'

cy.get('input').should('not.have.value', 'Jane')

The current subject is yielded

cy.get('button')
  .should('have.id', 'new-user')
  .then(($button) => {
    // $button is yielded
  })

Method and Value

Assert the anchor element has href attribute

// have.attr comes from chai-jquery
cy.get('#header a').should('have.attr', 'href')

Assert the href attribute is equal to '/users'

cy.get('#header a').should('have.attr', 'href', '/users')

Note: the have.attr assertion changes the subject from the original element to the attribute's value

cy.get('#header a') // yields the element
  .should('have.attr', 'href') // yields the "href" attribute
  .and('equal', '/users') // checks the "href" value

Focus

Assert an input is focused after button click

cy.get('#btn-focuses-input').click()
cy.get('#input-receives-focus').should('have.focus') // equivalent to should('be.focused')

Function

Passing a function to .should() enables you to make multiple assertions on the yielded subject. This also gives you the opportunity to massage what you'd like to assert on.

Be sure not to include any code that has side effects in your callback function. The callback function will be retried over and over again until no assertions within it throw.

You cannot invoke Cypress commands inside of a .should() callback function. Use Cypress commands before or after .should() instead.

Incorrect Usage

cy.get('p').should(($p) => {
  cy.log($p)
  // ...
})

Correct Usage

cy.get('p')
  .should(($p) => {
    // ...
  })
  .log()

// or

cy.get('p').then(($p) => {
  // ...
  cy.log($p)
})

Verify length, content, and classes from multiple <p>

<div>
  <p class="text-primary">Hello World</p>
  <p class="text-danger">You have an error</p>
  <p class="text-default">Try again later</p>
</div>

cy.get('p').should(($p) => {
  // should have found 3 elements
  expect($p).to.have.length(3)

  // make sure the first contains some text content
  expect($p.first()).to.contain('Hello World')

  // use jquery's map to grab all of their classes
  // jquery's map returns a new jquery object
  const classes = $p.map((i, el) => {
    return Cypress.$(el).attr('class')
  })

  // call classes.get() to make this a plain array
  expect(classes.get()).to.deep.eq([
    'text-primary',
    'text-danger',
    'text-default',
  ])
})

Warning Any value returned from a .should() callback function will be ignored. The original subject will be yielded to the next command.

cy.get('p')
  .should(($p) => {
    expect($p).to.have.length(3)

    return 'foo'
  })
  .then(($p) => {
    // the argument $p will be the 3 elements, not "foo"
  })

Assert class name contains heading-

<div class="docs-header">
  <div class="main-abc123 heading-xyz987">Introduction</div>
</div>

cy.get('.docs-header')
  .find('div')
  // .should(cb) callback function will be retried
  .should(($div) => {
    expect($div).to.have.length(1)

    const className = $div[0].className

    expect(className).to.match(/heading-/)
  })
  // .then(cb) callback is not retried,
  // it either passes or fails
  .then(($div) => {
    expect($div).to.have.text('Introduction')
  })

You can even throw your own errors from the callback function.

cy.get('.docs-header')
  .find('div')
  .should(($div) => {
    if ($div.length !== 1) {
      // you can throw your own errors
      throw new Error('Did not find 1 element')
    }

    const className = $div[0].className

    if (!className.match(/heading-/)) {
      throw new Error(`No class "heading-" in ${className}`)
    }
  })

Assert text content of 3 elements

Example below first asserts that there are 3 elements, and then checks the text content of each one.

<ul class="connectors-list">
  <li>Walk the dog</li>
  <li>Feed the cat</li>
  <li>Write JavaScript</li>
</ul>

cy.get('.connectors-list > li').should(($lis) => {
  expect($lis).to.have.length(3)
  expect($lis.eq(0)).to.contain('Walk the dog')
  expect($lis.eq(1)).to.contain('Feed the cat')
  expect($lis.eq(2)).to.contain('Write JavaScript')
})

For clarity you can pass a string message as a second argument to any expect assertion, see Chai#expect.

cy.get('.connectors-list > li').should(($lis) => {
  expect($lis, '3 items').to.have.length(3)
  expect($lis.eq(0), 'first item').to.contain('Walk the dog')
  expect($lis.eq(1), 'second item').to.contain('Feed the cat')
  expect($lis.eq(2), 'third item').to.contain('Write JavaScript')
})

These string messages will be shown in the Command Log giving each assertion more context.

Compare text values of two elements

The example below gets the text contained within one element and saves it in a closure variable. Then the test gets the text in another element and asserts that the two text values are the same after normalizing.

<div class="company-details">
  <div class="title">Acme Developers</div>
  <div class="identifier">ACMEDEVELOPERS</div>
</div>

const normalizeText = (s) => s.replace(/\s/g, '').toLowerCase()

// will keep text from title element
let titleText

cy.get('.company-details')
  .find('.title')
  .then(($title) => {
    // save text from the first element
    titleText = normalizeText($title.text())
  })

cy.get('.company-details')
  .find('.identifier')
  .should(($identifier) => {
    // we can massage text before comparing
    const idText = normalizeText($identifier.text())

    // text from the title element should already be set
    expect(idText, 'ID').to.equal(titleText)
  })

Multiple Assertions

Chaining multiple assertions

Cypress makes it easier to chain assertions together.

In this example we use .and() which is identical to .should().

// our subject is not changed by our first assertion,
// so we can continue to use DOM based assertions
cy.get('option:first').should('be.selected').and('have.value', 'Metallica')

Wait until the assertions pass

Cypress won't resolve your commands until all of its assertions pass.

// Application Code
$('button').click(function () {
  $button = $(this)

  setTimeout(() => {
    $button.removeClass('inactive').addClass('active')
  }, 1000)
})

cy.get('button')
  .click()
  .should('have.class', 'active')
  .and('not.have.class', 'inactive')

Notes

Subjects

How do I know which assertions change the subject and which keep it the same?

The chainers that come from Chai or Chai-jQuery will always document what they return.

Using a callback function will not change what is yielded

Whatever is returned in the function is ignored. Cypress always forces the command to yield the value from the previous cy command's yield (which in the example below is <button>)

cy.get('button')
  .should(($button) => {
    expect({ foo: 'bar' }).to.deep.eq({ foo: 'bar' })

    return { foo: 'bar' } // return is ignored, .should() yields <button>
  })
  .then(($button) => {
    // do anything we want with <button>
  })

Differences

What's the difference between .then() and .should()/.and()?

Using .then() allows you to use the yielded subject in a callback function and should be used when you need to manipulate some values or do some actions.

When using a callback function with .should() or .and(), on the other hand, there is special logic to rerun the callback function until no assertions throw within it. You should be careful of side affects in a .should() or .and() callback function that you would not want performed multiple times.

Rules

Requirements

• .should() requires being chained off a previous command.

Timeouts

• .should() will continue to retry its specified assertions until it times out.

cy.get('input', { timeout: 10000 }).should('have.value', '10')
// timeout here will be passed down to the '.should()'
// and it will retry for up to 10 secs

cy.get('input', { timeout: 10000 }).should(($input) => {
  // timeout here will be passed down to the '.should()'
  // unless an assertion throws earlier,
  // ALL of the assertions will retry for up to 10 secs
  expect($input).to.not.be('disabled')
  expect($input).to.not.have.class('error')
  expect($input).to.have.value('US')
})

Command Log

Assert that there should be 8 children in a nav

cy.get('.left-nav>.nav').children().should('have.length', 8)

The commands above will display in the Command Log as:

When clicking on assert within the command log, the console outputs the following:

History

Version	Changes
11.0.0	Throw error if Cypress command used in callback
0.11.4	Allows callback function argument
< 0.3.3	.should() command added

See also

• .and()
• Guide: Introduction to Cypress
• Reference: List of Assertions
• cypress-example-kitchensink Assertions